Would this be equivalent to an automated job submission from clearml to the cluster?

yes exactly

I am looking for a setup which allows me to essentially create the workers and start the tasks from a slurm script

hmm I see, basically the slurm Admins are afraid you will create a script the clogs the SLURM cluster, hence no automated job submission, so you want to use slurm as a "time on cluster" and then when your time is allocated, use clearml for the job submission, is that correct?
If so then do exactly as @<1689446563463565312:profile|SmallTurkey79> suggested, run the clearml daemon as a slurm batch, basically the daemon can run your jobs automatically, but from a slurm perspective you are still limited to the time slot that is allocated for you. also notice you can spin multiple clearml-agent daemon, so that you can run multiple jobs on the same node.