Would this be equivalent to an automated job submission from clearml to the cluster?

yes exactly

I am looking for a setup which allows me to essentially create the workers and start the tasks from a slurm script

hmm I see, basically the slurm Admins are afraid you will create a script the clogs the SLURM cluster, hence no automated job submission, so you want to use slurm as a "time on cluster" and then when your time is allocated, use clearml for the job submission, is that correct?
If so then do exactly as SmallTurkey79 suggested, run the clearml daemon as a slurm batch, basically the daemon can run your jobs automatically, but from a slurm perspective you are still limited to the time slot that is allocated for you. also notice you can spin multiple clearml-agent daemon, so that you can run multiple jobs on the same node.